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Step 1 of 9. 179 debate transcripts from 1960 to 2024, split into 44,255 speaking turns.

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Step 2 of 9. One dot per debate: the share of words spoken by moderators and panellists.

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Step 3 of 9. Switch the measure to words per candidate turn: turns have shortened since the 1960s.

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Step 4 of 9. Select a dot to open a debate: Kennedy and Nixon in Chicago, 26 September 1960.

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Step 5 of 9. The debate turn by turn: each block is one turn, as wide as it is long.

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Step 6 of 9. Share of words, a stand-in for talk time, and the length of every turn by speaker.

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Step 7 of 9. Back to the overview to jump 64 years ahead.

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Step 8 of 9. Harris and Trump in Philadelphia, 10 September 2024.

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Step 9 of 9. Four times as many candidate turns, averaging 123 words where 1960 averaged 328.